Tuesday, August 30, 2005

MCAS in Audubopn Magazine


Howdy folks,
The current issue of Audubon Magazine features this article on the MCAS and Hi Mountain Lookout.I pasted the text below, or you can follow this link to the story…..
Paul
Chapter Spotlight
On the Lookout
It was on an early spring day last year that Steve
Schubert of the Morro Coast Audubon Society set off
with colleagues and family members into central
California’s Santa Lucia Wilderness Area. Clearing the
trail of brush and poison oak as they went along, they
made their way past a pair of nesting prairie falcons
into Hi Valley, then up to an observation point to
view a known peregrine aerie in the cliffs across an
intervening canyon. Schubert scanned the cliffs with
his binoculars. “I found myself saying, ‘Oh, my God,
there is a condor in a cave!’ ” he recalled. The bird,
Condor B168—identified by the numbers on its wing tag
and by telephoto lens and videotaping—is an
eight-year-old male that had been released by the
Ventana Wilderness Society.
The history of Morro Coast Audubon, chartered in 1967,
is spiced with tales of service and adventure.
Schubert (above), an environmental educator who joined
the chapter more than 30 years ago, when he was a
biology major in college, is a past chapter president.
He and Kevin Cooper of the U.S. Forest Service are
cofounders of the Hi Mountain Condor Lookout Project,
which now involves several agencies and institutions
in tracking the wide-ranging condors. Here, in the
Santa Lucia wilderness, the chapter is repeating its
pioneering work in identifying vital bird habitat and
helping reestablish endangered species.
The best known of Morro Coast Audubon’s projects is
its long-running peregrine nest watch. By the 1960s
the falcons’ population had crashed in the United
States, their eggshells thinned by DDT residues.
Biologists then knew of only two nesting pairs on the
California coast, one of them in a pothole cave on
Morro Rock, an eroded volcanic neck emerging from the
sea off the small city of Morro Bay, about 200 miles
up the coast from Los Angeles.
In 1967 chapter volunteers began monitoring the nest
around the clock. The nest guards returned, along with
the falcons, year after year, resulting in much
behavioral data and the occasional arrest of poachers
scaling the rock with climbing equipment. For a time
during the late 1970s and early 1980s the California
Department of Fish and Game paid for a full-time
warden. But as nest failures threatened the continuing
existence of the aerie, chapter volunteers cooperated
with the Peregrine Fund in various projects to
stimulate peregrine reproduction on the rock,
including the placement of captive-bred chicks in the
nest. Falcons that had fledged at Morro Rock spread
across California, helping to rebuild the state’s
once-decimated population, now estimated at more than
250 breeding pairs.
“The falcon pair at Morro Rock successfully hatched,
reared, and fledged two young in 1993, the first
nesting attempt there without human intervention in 16
years,” Schubert says proudly. “Last year there were
two active aeries on the rock. Each fledged
young—noteworthy because in California peregrines
don’t usually tolerate another peregrine nesting pair
nearby.”
— By Frank Graham Jr.
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Wednesday, August 17, 2005

Lookout News


Hi all
Over this past weekend, Julie, Emily and I went to visit the condors and condor crew up in Ventana. We had an incredible time! First of all… Big thanks to Jim, who spent three days with us, showing us everything, Jess, Sayre, and James. You all were awesome! I look forward to working with you all
again some time! Jim took us out along the coast to track some birds. We got to see some condors feeding at one of the feed sites on a hill and saw bird #164 at one of the coves. Later in the day, we drove out to the base camp in the Ventana backcountry to stay two nights. The backcountry was absolutely gorgeous! We saw bobcat run along the road and some incredible views of the coastline. Our time at base camp was filled with some work and a whole lot of fun. Yes, the work was fun! Jim let us help take… um, condor food… down to a feeding site. More fun than it sounds, really. We also helped paint the base camp cabin in leafy camoflauge. Unfortunatley, there were no birds around the cabin, but we had a great time anyway!

We came back from our Big Sur excursion on Sunday afternoon. On Monday morning, Julie and I were at the lookout bright and early. It was surprisingly cool and cloudy, with a little bit of rain! Julie and I tracked several Ventana birds that had been visiting Hopper as they moved north. It was quite exciting to get some strong 360 degree signals (but no visuals) from some of the birds.
Good times all around this week! Have a great one everybody!
~Jamie Miller
Hi Mountain Intern

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Tuesday, August 16, 2005

Big Birds and Little Birds

Since our lookout carries an avian theme it’s not suprising their are 3 hummingbird feeders stocked with daily fresh sugar water. The result is 25 to 30 Anna’s Allen’s and Rufous Hummers hanging out at
the lookout,with 4-6 at a time at the feeders. A pecking order based on age and bravado determines the right to feed. While tracking a condor last week ( visiting from Big Sur) the juvenile hummingbirds
would sit on my telemetry antenae while I scan the horizon with it and wait their turn for the feeders. The whole scene is a rather bizarre way to sum up the incredible diversity in birds. I wonder how many
hummingbirds could sit on the back of a conder and hitch a free migration ride. They might need it when all of the devoted Cal Poly interns go back to school. Speaking of courage, the California
Thrasher requires a very special chaparral habitat, which could threaten its poulations as habitat shrinks. Every week I observe the Thrasher’s quest to visit our bird seed feeder (he’s almost their !
and its time for him to learn to adapt, his latest issues were with a Mourning Dove and a half grown bunny ! See you next week!
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Wednesday, August 10, 2005

Lookout News


Hi all,
Julie and I had a good three days up at the Lookout! Although we missed Greg since he switched shifts! The weather was nice, about 85 degrees and breezy all weekend long. On Sunday, we took a day off from field work to do a full day of telemetry, and we ended up getting around 25 visitors! There were a couple caravans of about 8-10 people and their dogs that were out for a Sunday drive from Lopez. It was nice talking with everyone. They all seemed very interested in the condors and the work we do at the lookout. We had several visitors on Monday and Tuesday, as well, though not nearly as many as on Sunday.

In wildlife news, we had three Purple Martins fly by the lookout all three days we were there. The California Thrashers are coming back around. I haven’t seen them since early June. There are always at least 8 or 10 Band-tailed Pigeons and a flock of Anna’s hummingbirds at the feeders. Two Allen’s
hummingbirds occaisionally swoop in and chase off all the Anna’s from the feeders, then fly off. It makes for great evening entertainment! We even got a fly-by from a Peregrine Falcon! Alas, no condor sightings…

On Sunday night, Julie set up a motion sensor video camera and scent station downhill from the Lookout. She got some great footage of a gray fox rubbing its face all over the sticks we had covered with the scent oils! I’ve been setting a few Sherman live-traps around the lookout lately, to see what small mammals are running around at night. Over the last two weeks I’ve caught several pocket mice (Chaetodipus californicus), a couple deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus), and a Narrow-faced Kangaroo rat (Dipodomys venustus)! At sunset every night a female mule deer and her two fawns graze along the roadside or on top of Cypress hill. Hi Mountain never ceases to amaze me with its diversity of wildlife and gorgeous sunsets!
Well, until next time… Have a great week everyone!
~Jamie Miller
Hi Mountain Intern

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Tuesday, July 19, 2005

July 17-19

Hello Everyone,
This week was just as exciting as the last. Aside from receiving
signals on multiple birds this weekend, we also trapped for mammals
and had a wonderful time. The weather just keeps getting hotter and
hotter. We have to fill the birdbath up almost three times a day.
There is a California Towhee who is very ritualistic about his evening
bath. The reptiles have been very active in the heat and a couple of
Whiptails make their daily rounds around the lookout. They seem to be
doing circles around us. The baby finches on the corner of the
lookout should be fledging any day now. I always look forward to
their first flight. They usually just make it to the large coffee
berry bush and jump around in there for a while before venturing any
further. Summer is definitely now in full swing. Still hope to see
some of you up there this summer. Until then enjoy your summer,
Julie Messer
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Sunday, July 17, 2005

Hi Mtn. rodent live-trapping research


Hi all,
Dr. Larisa Vredevoe, professor in the Cal Poly Bio. Sci. Dept., and her
students are conducting research using Hi Mountain Lookout as a field
laboratory station. This past weekend 8 rodents were live-trapped- an
unepected low capture rate from the 64 live traps set out the night
before- and processed at the lookout ‘laboratory’ for a study on the
central coast to determine the prevalance of rodent populations as
resevoir hosts for the Lyme disease bacteria (genus Borrelia).
Following are selected excerpts of an abstract, introduction and some of
the methodology from Dr. Vredevoe’s previous technical publication from
a similar research project. Hi Mountain may be added as another study
site to this research project depending on whether or not the Borrelia
bacteria are isolated from the rodents captured up there.
The ongoing condor radio tracking efforts at the lookout, Cal Poly
student field research projects, and this rodent/ Lyme disease study are
examples of how the Hi Mountain Lookout Project continues to function
importantly as a biological field research station.
Steve Schubert
PS- To view the photos I took of the rodents being processed at Hi Mtn.
Lookout and then being released, go to the yahoo photo album link. I
find it works best to click on and enlarge the first thumbnail photo and
then click the ‘view slideshow’ function.
Excerpts from published article:
VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES, SURVEILLANCE, PREVENTION
Detection and Characterization of Borrelia bissettii in Rodents from the
Central California Coast
LARISA K. VREDEVOE, JENNIFER R. STEVENS,1 AND BRADLEY S. SCHNEIDER2, 3
Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State
University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
J. Med. Entomol. 41(4): 736Ð745 (2004)
ABSTRACT This is the first report of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in
rodents from San Luis Obispo county, with most isolates obtained from a
previously unreported host, Neotoma lepida Thomas.
B. burgdorferi sensu lato was identified in seven rodent species,
including the California vole, Microtus californicus Peale; dusky-footed
woodrat, Neotoma fuscipes Baird; desert woodrat, Neotoma lepida Thomas;
brush mouse, Peromyscus boylii Baird; California mouse, Peromyscus
californicus Gambel; deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus Wagner; and
western harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys megalotis Baird.
Ear punch biopsies were cultured in BSK-H medium from 179 rodents
trapped at six different study sites. Overall, prevalence of rodent
infection was 44/179 (24.6%), with 34 of these isolates from
N. lepida. Spirochete isolates were obtained from rodents at all
studysites, indicating widespread prevalence of B. burgdorferi sensu
lato across rodent species and habitats. Nucleotide sequences for 14 of
these isolates have been submitted to GenBank. Isolates from three N.
lepida and one P. boylii had identical flagellin gene sequences, and
phylogenetic analysis placed these spirochetes in B. burgdorferi sensu
lato group DN127, now known as B. bissettii Postic, Marti Ras, Lane,
Hendson &
Baranton. Additional sequencing of the intergenic spacer regions between
the 5S and 23S ribosomal genes was performed on three of these isolates.
Phylogenetic analysis separated these isolates into two
clusters that grouped with Colorado or California isolates. The role of
B. bissettii and related species other than B. burgdorferi sensu stricto
Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt & Brenner as human pathogens in the
United States warrants further investigation.
KEY WORDS Lyme disease, Borrelia bissettii, Borrelia burgdorferi,
Ixodes, rodent
OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS, northern California has been recognized as a
rapidly developing focus of several
tick-transmitted bacteria, particularly the Lyme disease spirochete,
Borrelia burgdorferi, and the rickettsial
agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis,
Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Dumler et al. 2001); foci are predominantly
in several northwestern counties of the state (Burgdorfer et al. 1985,
Clover and Lane
1995, Fritz et al. 1997, Foleyet al. 1999, Kramer et al. 1999, Lane et
al. 2001, Holden et al. 2003). The situation
in other regions of California, representing a tremendous diversity of
ecosystems, remains poorly understood. In particular, an increasingly
complex picture of B. burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) ecology
throughout the United States has emerged as substantial genetic
heterogeneity among California and other North American isolates from
diverse tick and mammalian reservoir hosts continues to be recognized
(Mathiesen et al. 1997, Postic et al. 1998, Lin et al. 2002). In San
Luis Obispo Countyand other areas of the central California coast, the
B. burgdorferi s.l. genospecies diversity and enzootic maintenance of
these agents have remained largely unstudied.
Eleven Borrelia genospecies have been described within the B.
burgdorferi s.l. complex. In the United States, three of these
genospecies have been identified,
including Borrelia andersonii (Assous et al. 1994, Postic et al. 1994,
Marconi et al. 1995), Borrelia bissettii (Assous et al. 1994, Postic et
al. 1994, Postic et al. 1998), and B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.)
Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt & Brenner (Baranton et al. 1992).
Only B. burgdorferi s.s. seems responsible for classic human Lyme
disease in the United States. In Northern California, nidicolous ticks,
primarily Ixodes spinipalpis Hadwen & Nuttall (I. neotomae; Norris et
al.
1997a), transmit B. burgdorferi s.s. between rodent reservoir hosts such
as dusky-footed wood rats, Neotoma fuscipes Baird, whereas western
blacklegged ticks, Ixodes pacificus Cooley& Kohls, may transmit
the organism from rodents to humans (Brown and Lane 1992). At least one
other species of Borrelia in this group also exists in California. B.
burgdorferi s.l.
group DN127 was redescribed as B. bissettii sp. nov. based on
differences in OspA and OspB proteins (Bissett
and Hill 1987, Postic et al. 1998). B. bissettii was first described
from I. pacificus in California but has
subsequentlybeen found in other parts of the United States and Europe.
Experimentally confirmed tick vectors of B. bissettii include I.
spinipalpis and I. pacificus in the western United States (Burkot et al.
2000, Eisen et al. 2003) and I. scapularis in the eastern United States
for B. burgdorferi strain MI-6 (Sanders and Oliver 1995), which was
later recharacterized as B. bissettii (Lin et al. 2001). The
pathogenicity of B. bissettii to humans in the United States is not
known, although European strains have been isolated from humans
displaying clinical symptoms associated with Lyme borreliosis (Picken et
al. 1996, Strle et al. 1997).
In this study, we investigated the ecology and genetic heterogeneity of
B. burgdorferi s.l. on the central California coast compared with other
parts of California and the United States. Here, we provide evidence for
the previously undocumented widespread prevalence of B. burgdorferi s.l.
among San Luis Obispo county rodent populations from a variety of
habitats.
Materials and Methods
Study Sites. To evaluate the presence of B. burgdorferi s.l. in San Luis
Obispo between August 2001 and February2003, we selected six study sites
representing
a variety of habitats with diverse rodent populations. San Luis Obispo
is16 km from the ocean on the central California coast, midway between
San Francisco and Los Angeles. We selected study sites
with moderate-to-heavy human use to later assess human risk of contact
with any discovered tick-borne agents. Two study sites were located in
Poly Canyon,
on the northeastern edge of the California Polytechnic State University
campus. Natural vegetation in this region includes chaparral, coastal
scrub, grassland,
coastal live oak woodland, and riparian woodland. The hillsides consist
of rocky
outcrops, coastal and yucca scrub, chaparral, and coastal live oak
woodland,with grassland dominating the rolling hills. The lower Poly
Canyon study site included two distinct habitats in
which traps were set, riparian woodland with a stream running through
the site and yucca scrub on a rocky slope. Traps were set at the upper
Poly Canyon site in
both live oak woodland and a mixed habitat containing both coastal and
yucca scrub. The third study site was
located at Pennington Creek Biological Preserve, 81 ha of land located
13km northwest of the Cal Poly campus. Vegetation at this site was
similar to that of lower Poly Canyon but was less disturbed by human
activity. Montana de Oro state park is located near Los Osos, 19 km
southwest of San Luis Obispo. Vegetation at the study site included
coastal sage scrub, chaparral, and riparian woodland communities, but
traps were placed almost exclusivelyin riparian
woodland. Cerro San Luis, with an elevation of 394 m, is located in the
center of San Luis Obispo. The study
site was located at the base of the mountain in a habitat predominated
by prickly pear cacti and coastal scrub. The sixth study site was Laguna
Lake park, located at the eastern end of the Los Osos valley on the edge
of San Luis Obispo. Natural vegetation
communities at this site include freshwater marsh, riparian woodland,
serpentine springs, and several
types of grassland. Traps were placed exclusively in the serpentine
grassland habitat at this site.
Rodent Trapping and Sample Collection. We identified several homogeneous
vegetation communities within each study site to set trapping grids. Two
or three 4 by 4 trapping grids were set at each site, with two traps
placed at each station. Stations were spaced 10 m apart, with a total of
64 Ð96 traps set per trapping night. Rodents were live-trapped in
Sherman XLK traps (Tallahassee, FL) baited with rolled oats over two
trapping nights in August, October, and November
2001; January, April, and November 2002; and February 2003. Captured
rodents were identified (Jameson and Peters 1988), weighed, and sedated
with
an i.p. injection of ketamine/valium (30 mg/kg:5 mg/kg). After sedation,
rodents were sexed, ear-tagged with a uniquely numbered tag (National
Band and
Tag, Newport, KY) to facilitate recapture identification,attached ticks
removed and retained for identification, and two 2Ð4-mm ear biopsies
were taken
from the outer margin of each ear with a sterile scalpel. One ear sample
from each rodent was frozen at20C in 1.5-ml centrifuge tubes. The second
ear sample was placed in sterile phosphate-buffered saline for several
hours until it was prepared for spirochete culture.
After recovery from anesthesia, all rodents were returned to their
capture station and released. Rodents
recaptured the following trapping night were immediately released at the
point of capture without resampling. Those animals recaptured during a
later trapping
date were resampled to gauge whether infection status might change over
the course of the study.
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